One of the common Perl idioms is processing text files line by line:
while( <FH> ) {
do something with $_
}
This idiom has several variants, but the key point is that it reads in only one line from the file in each loop iteration. This has several advantages, including limiting memory use to one line, the ability to handle any size file (including data piped in via STDIN), and it is easily taught and understood to Perl newbies. In fact newbies are the ones who do silly things like this:
while( <FH> ) {
push @lines, $_ ;
}
foreach ( @lines ) {
do something with $_
}
Line by line processing is fine, but it isn't the only way to deal with reading files. The other common style is reading the entire file into a scalar or array, and that is commonly known as slurping. Now, slurping has somewhat of a poor reputation, and this article is an attempt at rehabilitating it. Slurping files has advantages and limitations, and is not something you should just do when line by line processing is fine. It is best when you need the entire file in memory for processing all at once. Slurping with in memory processing can be faster and lead to simpler code than line by line if done properly.
The biggest issue to watch for with slurping is file size. Slurping very large files or unknown amounts of data from STDIN can be disastrous to your memory usage and cause swap disk thrashing. You can slurp STDIN if you know that you can handle the maximum size input without detrimentally affecting your memory usage. So I advocate slurping only disk files and only when you know their size is reasonable and you have a real reason to process the file as a whole. Note that reasonable size these days is larger than the bad old days of limited RAM. Slurping in a megabyte is not an issue on most systems. But most of the files I tend to slurp in are much smaller than that. Typical files that work well with slurping are configuration files, (mini-)language scripts, some data (especially binary) files, and other files of known sizes which need fast processing.
Another major win for slurping over line by line is speed. Perl's IO
system (like many others) is slow. Calling <> for each line
requires a check for the end of line, checks for EOF, copying a line,
munging the internal handle structure, etc. Plenty of work for each line
read in. Whereas slurping, if done correctly, will usually involve only
one I/O call and no extra data copying. The same is true for writing
files to disk, and we will cover that as well (even though the term
slurping is traditionally a read operation, I use the term ``slurp'' for
the concept of doing I/O with an entire file in one operation).
Finally, when you have slurped the entire file into memory, you can do
operations on the data that are not possible or easily done with line by
line processing. These include global search/replace (without regard for
newlines), grabbing all matches with one call of //g, complex parsing
(which in many cases must ignore newlines), processing *ML (where line
endings are just white space) and performing complex transformations
such as template expansion.
Here are some simple global operations that can be done quickly and easily on an entire file that has been slurped in. They could also be done with line by line processing but that would be slower and require more code.
A common problem is reading in a file with key/value pairs. There are modules which do this but who needs them for simple formats? Just slurp in the file and do a single parse to grab all the key/value pairs.
my $text = read_file( $file ) ;
my %config = $text =~ /^(\w+)=(.+)$/mg ;
That matches a key which starts a line (anywhere inside the string
because of the /m modifier), the '=' char and the text to the end of the
line (again, /m makes that work). In fact the ending $ is not even needed
since . will not normally match a newline. Since the key and value are
grabbed and the m// is in list context with the /g modifier, it will
grab all key/value pairs and return them. The %confighash will be
assigned this list and now you have the file fully parsed into a hash.
Various projects I have worked on needed some simple templating and I wasn't in the mood to use a full module (please, no flames about your favorite template module :-). So I rolled my own by slurping in the template file, setting up a template hash and doing this one line:
$text =~ s/<%(.+?)%>/$template{$1}/g ;
That only works if the entire file was slurped in. With a little extra work it can handle chunks of text to be expanded:
$text =~ s/<%(\w+)_START%>(.+?)<%\1_END%>/ template($1, $2)/sge ;
Just supply a template sub to expand the text between the markers and
you have yourself a simple system with minimal code. Note that this will
work and grab over multiple lines due the the /s modifier. This is
something that is much trickier with line by line processing.
Note that this is a very simple templating system, and it can't directly handle nested tags and other complex features. But even if you use one of the myriad of template modules on the CPAN, you will gain by having speedier ways to read and write files.
Slurping in a file into an array also offers some useful advantages.
One simple example is reading in a flat database where each record has
fields separated by a character such as ::
my @pw_fields = map [ split /:/ ], read_file( '/etc/passwd' ) ;
Random access to any line of the slurped file is another advantage. Also a line index could be built to speed up searching the array of lines.
Perl has always supported slurping files with minimal code. Slurping of
a file to a list of lines is trivial, just call the <> operator
in a list context:
my @lines = <FH> ;
and slurping to a scalar isn't much more work. Just set the built in
variable $/ (the input record separator to the undefined value and read
in the file with <>:
{
local( $/, *FH ) ;
open( FH, $file ) or die "sudden flaming death\n"
$text = <FH>
}
Notice the use of local(). It sets $/ to undef for you and when
the scope exits it will revert $/ back to its previous value (most
likely ``\n'').
Here is a Perl idiom that allows the $text variable to be declared,
and there is no need for a tightly nested block. The do block will
execute <FH> in a scalar context and slurp in the file named by
$text:
local( *FH ) ;
open( FH, $file ) or die "sudden flaming death\n"
my $text = do { local( $/ ) ; <FH> } ;
Both of those slurps used localized filehandles to be compatible with 5.005. Here they are with 5.6.0 lexical autovivified handles:
{
local( $/ ) ;
open( my $fh, $file ) or die "sudden flaming death\n"
$text = <$fh>
}
open( my $fh, $file ) or die "sudden flaming death\n"
my $text = do { local( $/ ) ; <$fh> } ;
And this is a variant of that idiom that removes the need for the open call:
my $text = do { local( @ARGV, $/ ) = $file ; <> } ;
The filename in $file is assigned to a localized @ARGV and the
null filehandle is used which reads the data from the files in @ARGV.
Instead of assigning to a scalar, all the above slurps can assign to an
array and it will get the file but split into lines (using $/ as the
end of line marker).
There is one common variant of those slurps which is very slow and not good code. You see it around, and it is almost always cargo cult code:
my $text = join( '', <FH> ) ;
That needlessly splits the input file into lines (join provides a
list context to <FH>) and then joins up those lines again. The
original coder of this idiom obviously never read perlvar and learned
how to use $/ to allow scalar slurping.
While reading in entire files at one time is common, writing out entire files is also done. We call it ``slurping'' when we read in files, but there is no commonly accepted term for the write operation. I asked some Perl colleagues and got two interesting nominations. Peter Scott said to call it ``burping'' (rhymes with ``slurping'' and suggests movement in the opposite direction). Others suggested ``spewing'' which has a stronger visual image :-) Tell me your favorite or suggest your own. I will use both in this section so you can see how they work for you.
Spewing a file is a much simpler operation than slurping. You don't have context issues to worry about and there is no efficiency problem with returning a buffer. Here is a simple burp subroutine:
sub burp {
my( $file_name ) = shift ;
open( my $fh, ">$file_name" ) ||
die "can't create $file_name $!" ;
print $fh @_ ;
}
Note that it doesn't copy the input text but passes @_ directly to print. We will look at faster variations of that later on.
As you would expect there are modules in the CPAN that will slurp files for you. The two I found are called Slurp.pm (by Rob Casey - ROBAU on CPAN) and File::Slurp.pm (by David Muir Sharnoff - MUIR on CPAN).
Here is the code from Slurp.pm:
sub slurp {
local( $/, @ARGV ) = ( wantarray ? $/ : undef, @_ );
return <ARGV>;
}
sub to_array {
my @array = slurp( @_ );
return wantarray ? @array : \@array;
}
sub to_scalar {
my $scalar = slurp( @_ );
return $scalar;
}
+The subroutine slurp() uses the magic undefined value of $/ and
the magic file +handle ARGV to support slurping into a scalar or
array. It also provides two wrapper subs that allow the caller to
control the context of the slurp. And the to_array() subroutine will
return the list of slurped lines or a anonymous array of them according
to its caller's context by checking wantarray. It has 'slurp' in
@EXPORT and all three subroutines in @EXPORT_OK.
<Footnote: Slurp.pm is poorly named and it shouldn't be in the top level namespace.>
The original File::Slurp.pm has this code:
sub read_file { my ($file) = @_;
local($/) = wantarray ? $/ : undef;
local(*F);
my $r;
my (@r);
open(F, "<$file") || croak "open $file: $!";
@r = <F>;
close(F) || croak "close $file: $!";
return $r[0] unless wantarray;
return @r;
}
This module provides several subroutines including read_file() (more
on the others later). read_file() behaves simularly to
Slurp::slurp() in that it will slurp a list of lines or a single
scalar depending on the caller's context. It also uses the magic
undefined value of $/ for scalar slurping but it uses an explicit
open call rather than using a localized @ARGV and the other module
did. Also it doesn't provide a way to get an anonymous array of the
lines but that can easily be rectified by calling it inside an anonymous
array constuctor [].
Both of these modules make it easier for Perl coders to slurp in
files. They both use the magic $/ to slurp in scalar mode and the
natural behavior of <> in list context to slurp as lines. But
neither is optmized for speed nor can they handle binmode() to
support binary or unicode files. See below for more on slurp features
and speedups.
The slurp modules on CPAN are have a very simple API and don't support
binmode(). This section will cover various API design issues such as
efficient return by reference, binmode() and calling variations.
Let's start with the call variations. Slurped files can be returned in four formats: as a single scalar, as a reference to a scalar, as a list of lines or as an anonymous array of lines. But the caller can only provide two contexts: scalar or list. So we have to either provide an API with more than one subroutine (as Slurp.pm did) or just provide one subroutine which only returns a scalar or a list (not an anonymous array) as File::Slurp does.
I have used my own read_file() subroutine for years and it has the
same API as File::Slurp: a single subroutine that returns a scalar or a
list of lines depending on context. But I recognize the interest of
those that want an anonymous array for line slurping. For one thing, it
is easier to pass around to other subs and for another, it eliminates
the extra copying of the lines via return. So my module provides only
one slurp subroutine that returns the file data based on context and any
format options passed in. There is no need for a specific
slurp-in-as-a-scalar or list subroutine as the general read_file()
sub will do that by default in the appropriate context. If you want
read_file() to return a scalar reference or anonymous array of lines,
you can request those formats with options. You can even pass in a
reference to a scalar (e.g. a previously allocated buffer) and have that
filled with the slurped data (and that is one of the fastest slurp
modes. see the benchmark section for more on that). If you want to
slurp a scalar into an array, just select the desired array element and
that will provide scalar context to the read_file() subroutine.
The next area to cover is what to name the slurp sub. I will go with
read_file(). It is descriptive and keeps compatibilty with the
current simple and don't use the 'slurp' nickname (though that nickname
is in the module name). Also I decided to keep the File::Slurp
namespace which was graciously handed over to me by its current owner,
David Muir.
Another critical area when designing APIs is how to pass in
arguments. The read_file() subroutine takes one required argument
which is the file name. To support binmode() we need another optional
argument. A third optional argument is needed to support returning a
slurped scalar by reference. My first thought was to design the API with
3 positional arguments - file name, buffer reference and binmode. But if
you want to set the binmode and not pass in a buffer reference, you have
to fill the second argument with undef and that is ugly. So I decided
to make the filename argument positional and the other two named. The
subroutine starts off like this:
sub read_file {
my( $file_name, %args ) = @_ ;
my $buf ;
my $buf_ref = $args{'buf'} || \$buf ;
The other sub (read_file_lines()) will only take an optional binmode
(so you can read files with binary delimiters). It doesn't need a buffer
reference argument since it can return an anonymous array if the called
in a scalar context. So this subroutine could use positional arguments,
but to keep its API similar to the API of read_file(), it will also
use pass by name for the optional arguments. This also means that new
optional arguments can be added later without breaking any legacy
code. A bonus with keeping the API the same for both subs will be seen
how the two subs are optimized to work together.
Write slurping (or spewing or burping :-)) needs to have its API
designed as well. The biggest issue is not only needing to support
optional arguments but a list of arguments to be written is needed. Perl
6 will be able to handle that with optional named arguments and a final
slurp argument. Since this is Perl 5 we have to do it using some
cleverness. The first argument is the file name and it will be
positional as with the read_file subroutine. But how can we pass in
the optional arguments and also a list of data? The solution lies in the
fact that the data list should never contain a reference.
Burping/spewing works only on plain data. So if the next argument is a
hash reference, we can assume it cointains the optional arguments and
the rest of the arguments is the data list. So the write_file()
subroutine will start off like this:
sub write_file {
my $file_name = shift ;
my $args = ( ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ) ? shift : {} ;
Whether or not optional arguments are passed in, we leave the data list
in @_ to minimize any more copying. You call write_file() like this:
write_file( 'foo', { binmode => ':raw' }, @data ) ;
write_file( 'junk', { append => 1 }, @more_junk ) ;
write_file( 'bar', @spew ) ;
Somewhere along the line, I learned about a way to slurp files faster than by setting $/ to undef. The method is very simple, you do a single read call with the size of the file (which the -s operator provides). This bypasses the I/O loop inside perl that checks for EOF and does all sorts of processing. I then decided to experiment and found that sysread is even faster as you would expect. sysread bypasses all of Perl's stdio and reads the file from the kernel buffers directly into a Perl scalar. This is why the slurp code in File::Slurp uses sysopen/sysread/syswrite. All the rest of the code is just to support the various options and data passing techniques.
=head2 Benchmarks
Benchmarks can be enlightening, informative, frustrating and deceiving. It would make no sense to create a new and more complex slurp module unless it also gained signifigantly in speed. So I created a benchmark script which compares various slurp methods with differing file sizes and calling contexts. This script can be run from the main directory of the tarball like this:
perl -Ilib extras/slurp_bench.pl
If you pass in an argument on the command line, it will be passed to
timethese() and it will control the duration. It defaults to -2 which
makes each benchmark run to at least 2 seconds of cpu time.
The following numbers are from a run I did on my 300Mhz sparc. You will most likely get much faster counts on your boxes but the relative speeds shouldn't change by much. If you see major differences on your benchmarks, please send me the results and your Perl and OS versions. Also you can play with the benchmark script and add more slurp variations or data files.
The rest of this section will be discussing the results of the benchmarks. You can refer to extras/slurp_bench.pl to see the code for the individual benchmarks. If the benchmark name starts with cpan_, it is either from Slurp.pm or File::Slurp.pm. Those starting with new_ are from the new File::Slurp.pm. Those that start with file_contents_ are from a client's code base. The rest are variations I created to highlight certain aspects of the benchmarks.
The short and long file data is made like this:
my @lines = ( 'abc' x 30 . "\n") x 100 ;
my $text = join( '', @lines ) ;
@lines = ( 'abc' x 40 . "\n") x 1000 ;
$text = join( '', @lines ) ;
So the short file is 9,100 bytes and the long file is 121,000 bytes.
file_contents 651/s
file_contents_no_OO 828/s
cpan_read_file 1866/s
cpan_slurp 1934/s
read_file 2079/s
new 2270/s
new_buf_ref 2403/s
new_scalar_ref 2415/s
sysread_file 2572/s
file_contents_no_OO 82.9/s
file_contents 85.4/s
cpan_read_file 250/s
cpan_slurp 257/s
read_file 323/s
new 468/s
sysread_file 489/s
new_scalar_ref 766/s
new_buf_ref 767/s
The primary inference you get from looking at the mumbers above is that when slurping a file into a scalar, the longer the file, the more time you save by returning the result via a scalar reference. The time for the extra buffer copy can add up. The new module came out on top overall except for the very simple sysread_file entry which was added to highlight the overhead of the more flexible new module which isn't that much. The file_contents entries are always the worst since they do a list slurp and then a join, which is a classic newbie and cargo culted style which is extremely slow. Also the OO code in file_contents slows it down even more (I added the file_contents_no_OO entry to show this). The two CPAN modules are decent with small files but they are laggards compared to the new module when the file gets much larger.
cpan_read_file 589/s
cpan_slurp_to_array 620/s
read_file 824/s
new_array_ref 824/s
sysread_file 828/s
new 829/s
new_in_anon_array 833/s
cpan_slurp_to_array_ref 836/s
cpan_read_file 62.4/s
cpan_slurp_to_array 62.7/s
read_file 92.9/s
sysread_file 94.8/s
new_array_ref 95.5/s
new 96.2/s
cpan_slurp_to_array_ref 96.3/s
new_in_anon_array 97.2/s
This is perhaps the most interesting result of this benchmark. Five different entries have effectively tied for the lead. The logical conclusion is that splitting the input into lines is the bounding operation, no matter how the file gets slurped. This is the only benchmark where the new module isn't the clear winner (in the long file entries - it is no worse than a close second in the short file entries).
Note: In the benchmark information for all the spew entries, the extra number at the end of each line is how many wallclock seconds the whole entry took. The benchmarks were run for at least 2 CPU seconds per entry. The unusually large wallclock times will be discussed below.
cpan_write_file 1035/s 38
print_file 1055/s 41
syswrite_file 1135/s 44
new 1519/s 2
print_join_file 1766/s 2
new_ref 1900/s 2
syswrite_file2 2138/s 2
cpan_write_file 164/s 20
print_file 211/s 26
syswrite_file 236/s 25
print_join_file 277/s 2
new 295/s 2
syswrite_file2 428/s 2
new_ref 608/s 2
In the scalar spew entries, the new module API wins when it is passed a
reference to the scalar buffer. The syswrite_file2 entry beats it
with the shorter file due to its simpler code. The old CPAN module is
the slowest due to its extra copying of the data and its use of print.
cpan_write_file 794/s 29
syswrite_file 1000/s 38
print_file 1013/s 42
new 1399/s 2
print_join_file 1557/s 2
cpan_write_file 112/s 12
print_file 179/s 21
syswrite_file 181/s 19
print_join_file 205/s 2
new 228/s 2
Again, the simple print_join_file entry beats the new module when
spewing a short list of lines to a file. But is loses to the new module
when the file size gets longer. The old CPAN module lags behind the
others since it first makes an extra copy of the lines and then it calls
print on the output list and that is much slower than passing to
print a single scalar generated by join. The print_file entry
shows the advantage of directly printing @_ and the
print_join_file adds the join optimization.
Now about those long wallclock times. If you look carefully at the
benchmark code of all the spew entries, you will find that some always
write to new files and some overwrite existing files. When I asked David
Muir why the old File::Slurp module had an overwrite subroutine, he
answered that by overwriting a file, you always guarantee something
readable is in the file. If you create a new file, there is a moment
when the new file is created but has no data in it. I feel this is not a
good enough answer. Even when overwriting, you can write a shorter file
than the existing file and then you have to truncate the file to the new
size. There is a small race window there where another process can slurp
in the file with the new data followed by leftover junk from the
previous version of the file. This reinforces the point that the only
way to ensure consistant file data is the proper use of file locks.
But what about those long times? Well it is all about the difference
between creating files and overwriting existing ones. The former have to
allocate new inodes (or the equivilent on other file systems) and the
latter can reuse the exising inode. This mean the overwrite will save on
disk seeks as well as on cpu time. In fact when running this benchmark,
I could hear my disk going crazy allocating inodes during the spew
operations. This speedup in both cpu and wallclock is why the new module
always does overwriting when spewing files. It also does the proper
truncate (and this is checked in the tests by spewing shorter files
after longer ones had previously been written). The overwrite
subroutine is just an typeglob alias to write_file and is there for
backwards compatibilty with the old File::Slurp module.
Other than a few cases where a simpler entry beat it out, the new
File::Slurp module is either the speed leader or among the leaders. Its
special APIs for passing buffers by reference prove to be very useful
speedups. Also it uses all the other optimizations including using
sysread/syswrite and joining output lines. I expect many projects
that extensively use slurping will notice the speed improvements,
especially if they rewrite their code to take advantage of the new API
features. Even if they don't touch their code and use the simple API
they will get a significant speedup.
Slurp subroutines are subject to conditions such as not being able to
open the file, or I/O errors. How these errors are handled, and what the
caller will see, are important aspects of the design of an API. The
classic error handling for slurping has been to call die() or even
better, croak(). But sometimes you want the slurp to either
warn()/carp() or allow your code to handle the error. Sure, this
can be done by wrapping the slurp in a eval block to catch a fatal
error, but not everyone wants all that extra code. So I have added
another option to all the subroutines which selects the error
handling. If the 'err_mode' option is 'croak' (which is also the
default), the called subroutine will croak. If set to 'carp' then carp
will be called. Set to any other string (use 'quiet' when you want to
be explicit) and no error handler is called. Then the caller can use the
error status from the call.
write_file() doesn't use the return value for data so it can return a
false status value in-band to mark an error. read_file() does use its
return value for data, but we can still make it pass back the error
status. A successful read in any scalar mode will return either a
defined data string or a reference to a scalar or array. So a bare
return would work here. But if you slurp in lines by calling it in a
list context, a bare return will return an empty list, which is the
same value it would get from an existing but empty file. So now,
read_file() will do something I normally strongly advocate against,
i.e., returning an explicit undef value. In the scalar context this
still returns a error, and in list context, the returned first value
will be undef, and that is not legal data for the first element. So
the list context also gets a error status it can detect:
my @lines = read_file( $file_name, err_mode => 'quiet' ) ;
your_handle_error( "$file_name can't be read\n" ) unless
@lines && defined $lines[0] ;
sub read_file {
my( $file_name, %args ) = @_ ;
my $buf ;
my $buf_ref = $args{'buf_ref'} || \$buf ;
my $mode = O_RDONLY ;
$mode |= O_BINARY if $args{'binmode'} ;
local( *FH ) ;
sysopen( FH, $file_name, $mode ) or
carp "Can't open $file_name: $!" ;
my $size_left = -s FH ;
while( $size_left > 0 ) {
my $read_cnt = sysread( FH, ${$buf_ref},
$size_left, length ${$buf_ref} ) ;
unless( $read_cnt ) {
carp "read error in file $file_name: $!" ;
last ;
}
$size_left -= $read_cnt ;
}
# handle void context (return scalar by buffer reference)
return unless defined wantarray ;
# handle list context
return split m|?<$/|g, ${$buf_ref} if wantarray ;
# handle scalar context
return ${$buf_ref} ;
}
sub write_file {
my $file_name = shift ;
my $args = ( ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' ) ? shift : {} ;
my $buf = join '', @_ ;
my $mode = O_WRONLY ;
$mode |= O_BINARY if $args->{'binmode'} ;
$mode |= O_APPEND if $args->{'append'} ;
local( *FH ) ;
sysopen( FH, $file_name, $mode ) or
carp "Can't open $file_name: $!" ;
my $size_left = length( $buf ) ;
my $offset = 0 ;
while( $size_left > 0 ) {
my $write_cnt = syswrite( FH, $buf,
$size_left, $offset ) ;
unless( $write_cnt ) {
carp "write error in file $file_name: $!" ;
last ;
}
$size_left -= $write_cnt ;
$offset += $write_cnt ;
}
return ;
}
As usual with Perl 6, much of the work in this article will be put to pasture. Perl 6 will allow you to set a 'slurp' property on file handles and when you read from such a handle, the file is slurped. List and scalar context will still be supported so you can slurp into lines or a <scalar. I would expect that support for slurping in Perl 6 will be optimized and bypass the stdio subsystem since it can use the slurp property to trigger a call to special code. Otherwise some enterprising individual will just create a File::FastSlurp module for Perl 6. The code in the Perl 5 module could easily be modified to Perl 6 syntax and semantics. Any volunteers?
We have compared classic line by line processing with munging a whole file in memory. Slurping files can speed up your programs and simplify your code if done properly. You must still be aware to not slurp humongous files (logs, DNA sequences, etc.) or STDIN where you don't know how much data you will read in. But slurping megabyte sized files is not an major issue on today's systems with the typical amount of RAM installed. When Perl was first being used in depth (Perl 4), slurping was limited by the smaller RAM size of 10 years ago. Now, you should be able to slurp almost any reasonably sized file, whether it contains configuration, source code, data, etc.